Where To Use Thus And Hence

Sometimes, you can have a sentence made up of two independent clauses—two parts of a sentence that can stand independently from each other as complete sentences. Independent clauses are usually joined together by a conjunction, and we call that kind of conjunction a coordinating conjunction. Remember, a coordinating conjunction is a word like "and," "but," or "or" that joins two independent clauses or complete sentences to make one sentence. "Thus" means "consequently" in these types of sentences. A conjunctive adverb modifies the action by creating logical connections in meaning between independent clauses. Unlike conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs are not always at the beginning of the clause.

There are two basic types of transitions, conjunctive adverbs and conjunctions. Another type of transition is called a referent. Transition words and phrases are used to clarify the relationships between sentences. Transitions can be divided into groups according to their functions. All of these examples create comma splices because there are complete sentences to the left and the right of the conjunctive adverbs however, therefore, and moreover. The commas after "growth," "hunger," and "poet" create the comma splices.

Here is the correct way to punctuate these sentences. A common problem writers face is the incorrect usage of conjunctive adverbs. Many times it is because they confuse them with coordinating conjunctions.

This article defines 'conjunctive adverbs,' which connect clauses and show relationships. Learn where to use commas and where to place these adverbs in sentences to get the effect you want. Use a semicolon, not a comma, to join two independent clauses separated by a conjunctive adverb . The conjunctive adverbs include accordingly, consequently, hence, however, moreover, otherwise, therefore, and thus. Connectives allow us to be more precise about the relationships between statements in a sentence or between sentences.

Particular phrases and words serve different functions in connecting ideas and arguments. Some useful examples of each are categorised by function below. When a coordinating conjunction separates two independent clauses, the conjunction is usually preceded by a comma.

A conjunctive adverb that separates independent clauses can be preceded by a semicolon. If the word is restrictive, commas should not be used; if the word is nonrestrictive, commas are required. Each of these words is known as conjunctive adverbs. They provide a smooth transition between sentences or clauses within a sentence. Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence. A conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence.

We typically think of adverbs as modifiers, but conjunctive adverbs are a special breed. Their function is not to modify but to connect. Thus, a conjunctive adverb is an adverb that connects two clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, comparison, or another type of relationship. This page only provides a list of transitional words; be certain you understand their meanings before you use them.

Often, there exists a slight, but significant, difference between two apparently similar words. Also remember that while transitions describe relationships between ideas, they do not automatically create relationships between ideas for your reader. Use transitions with enough context in a sentence or paragraph to make the relationships clear. Most of the time, problems occur when the writer uses a conjunctive adverb in the middle of a sentence when a coordinating conjunction is actually needed.

But remember that conjunctive adverbs can be used in any part of a sentence. But conjunctive adverbs can do some other things conjunctions do as well. They can also, therefore, be used to interrupt it. In those cases, use commas to set off the conjunctive adverb. As you can see, therefore and therefor don't mean the same thing. They're also used in a different way—the longer word is, as we mentioned, very often used as a conjunctive adverb; the shorter word isn't.

If that's not enough of a difference for you, remember that you can always try substituting synonyms to see which one should have a place in the sentence you're writing. In academic writing, it is important to present an argument clearly and cohesively. In addition, you may be required to discuss and evaluate existing research or ideas about the topic under discussion. Often you will be assessed on your ability to do both. Developing the language to connect ideas in academic writing will help you with both these tasks.

There are many discourse markers that express different relationships between ideas. The most common types of relationship between ideas, and the sentence connectors that are most often used to express these relationships, are given in the table below. The discourse markers in the table are generally used at the start of a phrase or clause. Sentence connectors do not always begin a completely new sentence; they may be separated from the previous idea with a semi-colon. Discourse markers (words like 'however', 'although' and 'Nevertheless') are referred to more commonly as 'linking words' and 'linking phrases', or 'sentence connectors'. They may be described as the 'glue' that binds together a piece of writing, making the different parts of the text 'stick together'.

They are used less frequently in speech, unless the speech is very formal. A conjunctive adverb is also used in a single main clause. In this case, a comma is used to separate the conjunctive adverb from the sentence. The clause that a conjunctive adverb introduces invariably modifies a logical predication. Specific conjunctive adverbs are used to signal and signify purpose or reason , sequence , exception , and comparison .

For example, in "I told him; thus, he knows" and "I told him. Thus, he knows", thus is a conjunctive adverb. Make sure you understand the proper usage of transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don't necessarily work the same way grammatically. Transition words and phrases, also called linking or connecting words, are used to link together different ideas in your text. They help the reader to follow your arguments by expressing the relationships between different sentences or parts of a sentence. Andconnects directly, alsoslightly less directly, and tootends to have more commas. If there is a more specific transition word that more precisely expresses the relationship between the two ideas at hand, you should probably use it .

In the above-mentioned sentence, the phrase because of has been used to present the reason for the action happened. The reason why the traffic jam took place is that there was a terrible accident. Hence, usage of because of is correct in this sentence. In general, we may notice that dependent clauses used after the main clause should not be separated with a comma.

However, "hence" is an adverb and not a conjunction so it cannot link two clauses together. Hence and thus are two adverbs that are very commonly used in English language. Both are similar in meaning, and many treat them to be synonymous and even interchangeable. However, despite conveying the impression of the word so or therefore, there are subtle differences between the two that will be highlighted in this article. And there are similarities, depending on usage.

Transition sentences | Tips & examples for clear writing Transition sentences are used to start a new paragraph or section in an essay. They help the reader understand connections between ideas. Using conjunctions Conjunctions can connect words, phrases and clauses.

The three main types of conjunction are coordinating, subordinating and correlative. In the above-mentioned sentence, the phrase due to has been used to present the reason for the noun traffic jam. The reason for traffic jam, grammatically a noun entity, is a terrible accident. Hence, usage of due to correct in this sentence. Before moving on to the particular words, it should be noted that "thus", "therefore", and "hence" are all rather formal and much more common in writing than in everyday conversation.

How Do You Use Hence And Thus In A Sentence Since you are reading this article in English, the odds are you already know what the conjunction "so" means. You probably also know that "thus", "therefore", and "hence" mean basically the same as "so" but are not completely equivalent, and you are wondering what the difference is. If this is the case, this article is just for you. You are welcome to answer questions posted in the Ask a Teacher forum as long as your suggestions, help, and advice reflect a good understanding of the English language. If you are not a teacher, you will need to state that clearly in your post. If not, and your posts do not contribute to the topic in a positive way, they will be subject to deletion.

In this sense, despite what lys says, I believe all four words to be interchangeable with little or no difference in meaning, the only real difference being in formality. In the dictionary entries below, 'thus', 'hence' and 'consequently' are all marked as synonyms of 'therefore'. While the words "also," "and," and "so" are used in academic writing, they are considered too informal when used at the start of a sentence. Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable.

It's important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a dictionary to find the precise definition. For clear writing, it's essential to understand the meaning of transition words and use them correctly. Suggestions for connecting ideas at the sentence and paragraph level in academic writing.

Because the adverb therefore often plays the role of a conjunction, it's sometimes called a conjunctive adverb. Let's first understand the meaning of this correct official sentence. The sentence says retailers and analysts do not predict 5-year trends in retail sales during a particular span of time. The reason for this action is the inconsistent way of rise in sales this year. One of the main differences between the usages of the words thus and therefore is that the word thus is used in a very formal or literary sense.

On the other hand, the word therefore is used in a formal sense. ' It is also used in the sense of 'accordingly' and 'consequently'. Thus is a little old-fashioned but is sometimes used in academic writing. That's why is very common in informal speech.

In writing, we usually use it at the beginning of a sentence. Because "hence" is not a conjunction, it can be immediately preceded by "and". Generally, two conjunctions do not appear successively in a sentence. The word "hence" can be used to replace a phrase, such as "which is why" or "which leads to", in sentences for succinctness or more effective communication. ' It is also used in the sense of 'accordingly' and 'consequently'. Hence and thus are by common usage interchangeable, however according to the rules of grammar they are different.

I use "therefore" a fair amount, and "thus" I use not too infrequently, but I can't even remember the last time I used the word "hence". English grammar has a number of these tricky adverbs, hence it's important to learn their proper usage. Let's get into more detail on the differences between these adverbs.

The last example is not correct because "thus" cannot join two independent clauses. You probably also know that "thus", "therefore", and "hence" mean basically the same as "so", and you are wondering what the difference is. Conjunctive adverbs look like coordinating conjunctions ; however, they are not as strong as coordinating conjunctions and they are punctuated differently. How to write topic sentences A topic sentence sums up the main point of each paragraph. Use topic sentences to structure your ideas and keep your paragraphs focused.

The combination of transition words "and/or" should generally be avoided in academic writing. It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning. Words like "although" and "because" are called subordinating conjunctions. This means that they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own.

A clause introduced by one of these words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence. Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.

These join clauses that are not equivalent grammatical structures. Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses. These clauses cannot stand by themselves but must be joined to a main or independent clause. Choice E correctly uses the phrase because of to do so.

Instead of a period, we can use a semicolon to narrow the gap between two independent clauses. In a metaphorical sense, it means 'from this' and is used to introduce a conclusion or a question in the form of a noun phrase without a verb, as in your example. You can enter use the search box to search for each word individually.

Below the search box you will see an 'in context' link. That links to examples of the word used in current news stories. You are welcome to ask a question about any sentence you find there, or to use it as your example. Looking over the examples may answer your question. As the answerers say, these words are certainly used interchangeably in many contexts. However, there are subtle shadings in their original meanings.

What Vitamins Should A 19 Year Old Male Take

It's essential for healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels. You can also get vitamin D from egg yolks, oily fish such as salmon, tuna, and sardines, and fortified foods like milk, soy milk, and orange juice.Teens need 15 micrograms of vitamin D from food or supplements every day. Ask your doctor if supplements are right for you.Vitamin EVitamin E is an antioxidant and helps protect cells from damage. It is also important for the health of red blood cells.Vitamin E is found in many foods, such as vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables. It's also added to some breakfast cereals.Teens should get 2.4 micrograms of vitamin B12 daily.Vitamin B6Vitamin B6 is important for normal brain and nerve function. It helps maintain healthy skin and is important for nerve function.You'll find niacin in red meat, poultry, fish, fortified hot and cold cereals, and peanuts.Teen guys need 16 mg of niacin daily.

It is also needed to make DNA.Liver, dried beans and other legumes, green leafy vegetables, asparagus, and orange juice are good sources of this vitamin. So are fortified bread, rice, and cereals.Teen girls and guys need 400 micrograms of folate daily. The RDA of magnesium for those aged 14 to 18 years, 410 mg/day for boys and 360 mg/day for girls, was derived from results of balance studies in adolescents. Good dietary sources of magnesium include nuts, and green leafy vegetables because magnesium is part of chlorophyll — the green pigment in plants. Meats and milk have an intermediate magnesium content, with milk providing mg per cup . Although data are limited, some studies have found that a large percentage of adolescents have magnesium intakes below recommended levels ( ).

In an analysis of NHANES data, US adolescents who consumed milk had higher daily magnesium intakes than adolescents who did not drink milk . However, NHANES data show that US adolescents (12-19 years) on average only consume about 1 cup of milk daily . Low-fat milk, nuts, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables are important sources of magnesium for adolescents.

If adolescents do not meet the RDA through dietary sources, LPI recommends a combined magnesium-calcium supplement. Although more supplementation studies are needed, ensuring vitamin D adequacy throughout childhood and adolescence seems prudent. The Linus Pauling Institute recommends that adolescents aged 14 to 18 years should have a daily intake of 600 to 1,000 IU (15 to 25 μg) of vitamin D, consistent with the recommendations of the Endocrine Society .

According to the Endocrine Society, at least 600 IU/day may be required to maximize bone health, and 1,000 IU/day may be needed to increase serum levels above 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) . Given the average vitamin D content of the diets of adolescents, supplementation may be necessary to meet this recommendation. Adequate intake of calcium throughout childhood and adolescence is important for proper mineralization of growing bones, attainment of peak bone mass, and reduction of risk of bone fracture and osteoporosis in adulthood. Dietary intake recommendations for calcium in adolescents were established using a factorial method that summed average calcium accretion and calcium losses to urine, feces, and sweat and also adjusted for calcium absorption . Specifically, data used by the FNB to determine calcium accretion came from a recent longitudinal study in 642 Caucasian adolescents aged 14 to 18 years .

Thus, the RDA was set at 1,300 mg/day; this level of calcium intake is expected to cover the needs of 97.5% of adolescents. Vitamin B6 is required for heme synthesis and in the synthesis and metabolism of amino acids— the building blocks of proteins. Thus, the vitamin has obvious relevance to adolescent growth and health.

Dietary intake recommendations of vitamin B6 for adolescents were established by extrapolating data from adults, using metabolic body weight and accounting for growth. The RDA for boys aged 14 to 18 years is 1.3 mg/day, and the RDA for girls aged 14 to 18 years is 1.2 mg/day . Only a few studies have evaluated vitamin B6 status specifically in adolescents. The same investigators found more than 40% vitamin B6 inadequacy when a group of 112 adolescent girls (12- and 14-year-old) were followed for two years . For information on dietary sources of the vitamin, see the article on Vitamin B6.

Severe iron deficiency leads to iron-deficiency anemia; anemia affects more than 30% of the global population . Adolescents have increased requirements for iron due to rapid growth. In particular, adolescent girls are at a heightened risk of iron deficiency due to inadequate intake of dietary iron, especially heme iron; increased demands of growth; and iron loss that occurs with menstruation. Following puberty, adolescent girls have lower iron stores compared to adolescent boys . The RDA for vitamin A is based on the amount needed to ensure adequate stores of vitamin A in the body to support normal reproductive function, immune function, vitamin A-dependent gene expression, and vision .

Vitamin A intake recommendations for adolescents were derived by extrapolating the recommendation for adults using metabolic body weight, accounting for growth. For information on vitamin A content in foods, see the article on Vitamin A. The best way to get these vitamins and other nutrients is by eating a healthy, balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, beans, legumes, lean meats, healthy fats, and low-fat dairy. But if you're not, you may not be getting adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals to keep you feeling your best. A specially formulated multivitamin for your age and gender, like Nature Made Multi for Him or Multi for Him 50+, provides nutritional support to fill in nutrient gaps missing from your diet. The formulas also contain vitamin D, magnesium and zinc which contribute to the maintenance of normal bone health.

Among other things, you need calcium to build healthy bones and teeth, keep them strong as you age, regulate the heart's rhythm, and ensure your nervous system functions properly. Calcium deficiency can lead to, or exacerbate, mood problems such as irritability, anxiety, depression, and sleep difficulties. If you don't get enough calcium in your diet, your body will take calcium from your bones to ensure normal cell function, which can lead to weakened bones or osteoporosis. Women are at a greater risk than men of developing osteoporosis, so it's important to get plenty of calcium, in combination with magnesium and vitamin D, to support your bone health. In general, multivitamin/mineral supplements contain only a small percentage of the RDA for calcium and magnesium; therefore, intake of calcium and magnesium from dietary sources, such as low-fat milk, is important. The amount of bioavailable iron in food is influenced by the iron nutritional status of the individual and also by the form of iron .

Individuals who are anemic or iron deficient absorb a larger percentage of the iron they consume than individuals who are not anemic and have sufficient iron stores . Heme iron, found in meat, poultry, and fish, is more readily absorbed, and its absorption is less affected by other dietary factors than nonheme iron — the form found in plants, dairy products, fortified foods, and supplements. Although heme iron generally accounts for only 10-15% of the iron found in the diet, it may provide up to one third of total absorbed dietary iron . The absorption of nonheme iron is strongly influenced by enhancers and inhibitors present in the same meal. For instance, vitamin C strongly enhances the absorption of nonheme iron by reducing dietary ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+) and forming an absorbable, iron-ascorbic acid complex.

Organic acids, such as citric, malic, tartaric, and lactic acids, also enhance nonheme iron absorption. Further, consumption of meat, poultry, and fish enhance nonheme iron absorption, but the mechanism for this increase in absorption is not clear . Inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption include phytic acid, which is present in legumes, grains, and rice. Polyphenols found in some fruit, vegetables, coffee, tea, wines, and spices can also markedly inhibit the absorption of nonheme iron, but this effect is reduced by the presence of vitamin C . Soy protein, such as that found in tofu, has an inhibitory effect on iron absorption that is independent of its phytic acid content .

Vitamin C has a number of important roles during growth and development, including being required for the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters . Vitamin C is also a highly effective antioxidant and is important for immunity . Further, vitamin C strongly enhances the absorption of nonheme iron by reducing dietary ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+). Specifically, iron absorption is two- to three-fold higher with co-ingestion of 25 to 75 mg of vitamin C .

This has special relevance to adolescent health, considering the fact that iron deficiency is prevalent among adolescents, especially girls . The RDA for adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, which was extrapolated from recommendations for adults based on relative body weight, is 75 mg/day and 65 mg/day of vitamin C for boys and girls, respectively . It can also help to reduce the loss of bone mineral in post-menopausal women aged 50+.

To achieve this, you should consume 1200mg calcium daily from all food sources. Calcium can be found in green leafy vegetables, soy products, cheese, yoghurt, milk, nuts and fish where you eat the bones. However, when accounting for intake from fortified foods, less than 5% of individuals in that age group have intakes below the EAR . The US Food and Drug Administration implemented legislation in 1998 requiring the fortification of all enriched grain products with folic acid .

Globally, more than 50 countries have mandatory programs of wheat-flour fortification with folic acid, but flour fortification is not common in Europe . Dietary folate inadequacy is common among adolescents in European nations, especially girls . The human body requires 13 vitamins and at least 16 minerals essential to your health.However, while all adults need a variety of key vitamins and minerals every day, men and women have different requirements. For instance, women of reproductive age require more iron than men of the same age, so women's supplements typically include iron and men's supplements don't. If you're asking yourself, "What vitamins should I take daily for a man?

" keep in mind that it varies depending on your age and lifestyle. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for maintaining normal calcium metabolism and is therefore necessary for bone health. The growth plates of bones continue to enlarge, but in the absence of adequate mineralization, weight-bearing limbs become bowed. While many young children are picky eaters, that doesn't necessarily mean that they have nutritional deficiencies.

Many common foods — including breakfast cereal, milk and orange juice — are fortified with important nutrients, such as B vitamins, vitamin D, calcium and iron. So your child may be getting more vitamins and minerals than you think. As we age, our bodies typically don't absorb vitamins and minerals as well as they used to. The poster child for this is calcium, and a deficiency can lead to bone fractures and, eventually, falls. A lack of consistent, weight-bearing exercise can make this worse.

For those who eat a healthful diet, a multivitamin may have little or no benefit. A diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, good protein sources, and healthful fats should provide most of the nutrients needed for good health. When it comes to specific vitamins and minerals, some Americans get less than adequate amounts, according to criteria set by the National Academy of Medicine. For example, more than 90% of Americans get less than the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin D and vitamin E from food sources alone. Certain vegetables and grains also provide calcium, but their bioavailability is lower compared with dairy. For more information on dietary sources of calcium and calcium bioavailability, see the article on Calcium.

The Nutrition Facts label of packaged foods lists calcium content in one serving as a percent of the Daily Value , with the DV being 1,000 mg. Since the RDA for adolescents is 1,300 mg/day, the percentage of the DV listed on the food label would be an overestimation of the percentage of the RDA. If adolescents do not meet the RDA through diet alone, LPI recommends supplemental calcium. Multivitamin/mineral supplements generally provide no more than 200 mg of calcium. The B vitamin, folate, is required as a coenzyme to mediate the transfer of one-carbon units.

Folate coenzymes act as acceptors and donors of one-carbon units in a variety of reactions critical to the endogenous synthesis and metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids . Moreover, higher intakes of folate in adolescents have been linked to better academic achievement . Like other B vitamins, adolescent intake recommendations for folate were extrapolated from adult recommendations, using metabolic body weight and accounting for growth.

The RDA for adolescents aged 14 to 18 years is 400 μg/day of dietary folate equivalents . Eating a variety of healthy foods is the best way to get the nutrients you need. However, some people may not get enough vitamins and minerals from their daily diet. When that's the case, their doctors may recommend a dietary supplement to provide missing nutrients. Vitamin C helps your body absorb iron, a mineral that facilitates the transportation of oxygen through your blood stream and helps regulate cell growth.

Vitamin C helps to keep your cells healthy and, as an antioxidant, may protect you from illness. The recommended daily intake is 75 milligrams of vitamin C for teen boys and 65 milligrams for teen girls. Supplements can be used to get the recommended daily allowance of vitamins and minerals you need for a healthy body. While it's best to get your vitamins and minerals from eating a well-balanced diet, a supplement can give your body a boost. Anyone who struggles to eat a healthy, varied, and balanced diet may benefit from taking supplements. For teenagers, it may be helpful to take iron, calcium, and vitamin D if you feel you are lacking these essential vitamins and minerals.

Before you or your teenager start taking any new supplements it's a good idea to check with your GP or a pharmacist. Folate or vitamin B9 is another nutrient that many women don't get enough of in their diets. Folate can greatly reduce the chance of neurological birth defects when taken before conception and during the first few weeks of pregnancy. Folate can also lower a woman's risk for heart disease and certain types of cancer, so even if you're not planning on getting pregnant , it's an essential nutrient for every woman of childbearing age. In later life, folate can help your body manufacture estrogen during menopause.

What Vitamins Should a 19 year old male take The FNB establishes a tolerable upper intake level for most micronutrients. The UL is the highest level of daily nutrient intake likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals of a specified age group. This level applies to total daily intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to the potential for adverse effects, it is recommended that individuals not exceed the UL.

Thus, individuals should use the UL as a guide to limit daily micronutrient intake, not as a recommended level of intake . There is no evidence that consumption of micronutrients at or above the UL results in any health benefits for adolescents, and the UL should not be exceeded except under medical supervision. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for growth and development, normal vision, the expression of selected genes, immunity, and reproduction . Vitamin A deficiency in children and adolescents is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in less developed countries .

Even marginal or subclinical deficiencies in vitamin A may have adverse effects on bone growth and sexual maturation of adolescents . Because of its role in immunity, inadequate intake of this vitamin also increases risk for infectious diseases . Calcium is an important mineral as it helps to build strong bones and teeth, regulates muscle contractions, including heartbeat, and helps blood to clot normally. Milk, cheese and yoghurt are all good sources of calcium, as well as green leafy vegetables, nuts and fish like sardines, where you eat the bones.

Dietary supplements are substances you might use to add nutrients to your diet or to lower your risk of health problems such as osteoporosis or arthritis. Dietary supplements come in the form of pills, capsules, powders, gel capsules and tablets, extracts, or liquids. They might contain vitamins, minerals, fiber, amino acids, herbs or other plants, or enzymes. Sometimes, the ingredients in dietary supplements are added to foods and drinks. A doctor's prescription is not needed to buy dietary supplements.

The majority of older adults can get the nutrients they need from foods in a varied, healthy diet. That said, if you're worried you're missing the nutritional mark — your doctor can test you for a deficiency — calcium, vitamin D and vitamin B12 are three supplements worth considering, Chan says. Adding a variety of foods to a teen's diet can help her get what she needs, and supplementing with multivitamins may benefit some teens. The Iowa Women's Health Study looked at the use of 15 vitamins and minerals, including multivitamins, at three different intervals and identified the numbers of women who died over a 19-year period. It showed that women over the age of 55 who took multivitamins were at higher risk for dying than those who did not. As a result, it is unknown whether the women were already taking vitamins when they became ill, or if they became ill and then started taking vitamins.

In women who were already sick, taking vitamins was unlikely to lower their risk of dying. There are certainly diseases caused by a lack of specific nutrients in the diet. Classic examples include scurvy , beri-beri , pellagra , and rickets . But these conditions are rare in the U.S. and other developed countries where there is generally more access to a wide range of foods, some of which are fortified with vitamins.